Le Corbusier Architecture Essay

Le Corbusier Architecture Essay Le Corbusier (1887-1965) is a Swiss-French planner; he is considered by numerous a pioneer of present day engineering. Le Corbusiers aspiration is apparent as he was a person of numerous abilities including painting, composing, and plan. Le Corbusiers disposition towards the home, the objects of the home and the manner by which this was communicated in his specialty and design will be talked about. By surveying the Five focuses in Architecture utilized by Le Corbusier as a basic reason for quite a bit of his engineering up to 1953, a conversation can be made of his following homes Maison Citrohan, Maison La Roche, Ville Contemporaine, Lesprit nouveau Pavilion, Maison Cook , The Villa Stein and Villa Savoye. Le Corbusier work of art shows a relationship with his compositional structure these affiliation and the impact of his craftsmanship upon his plans will be examined, in relationship with the improvement of purism. Furthermore the reaction looked by his engineering of the 1920 and 1930s will be surveyed. In 1915 Le Corbusier and companion, designer and business person, Max Dubois developed two thoughts that roused his style of work all through the 1920s; One being the Maison Domino which speaks to the Five focuses in Architecture. The five focuses included Pilotis (segments), rooftop garden, free arrangement, free faã §ade and lace windows. These components were seen by Le Corbusier as Objects-types which he clarifies in detail in his book, Vers une design and diary, LEsprit nouveau. In 1918 with the assistance of the craftsman Amedee Ozenfant, Le Corbusier embraced the work of art with the utilization of oils. Together they built up the Purism development, Ground in Neo-Platonic way of thinking, Purism stretched out its talk to cover all types of plastic articulation from salon canvases to item structure and engineering. The purism development got from cubism in which comparably the principle topic was the normal objects of the cafã © table, the studio and the machine shop: guitars, jugs, and channels which were introduced in their generally regular and clear structures that were expressive of present day machine age, in contrast to the theoretical and enlivening methodology of cubism. It was against what le Corbusier and Ozenfant viewed as the baseless mutilations of cubism in works of art as it was supportive of the developmental flawlessness of, state, thonet bentwood furniture or standard cafã © silverware. They worked together on the book, Apres le cubisme, Nearby writer Paul Dermee in 1920, he established the magazine lesprit Nouveau with its fundamental topic being the doubtful connection among craftsmanship and mechanical society which was at that point created in Apres le cubisme. Numerous compositional thoughts which were referenced in LEsprit nouveau created from the arranging of a belief system of present day artworks. Still life (1920) is a perfectionist painting by le Corbusier which utilizes level pictures with the covering of planes comparably to cubism, anyway its distinctive in the manner in which the articles are made to look strong and not as unique like in cubism. The continued bending diagram of the guitar and container he accomplished is likewise a mainstream cubist idea. The determination of normal, ordinary items which are spoken to in the works of art are considered objet-types. the item would turn into an objet-type, its dispassionate structures coming about because of a procedure practically equivalent to characteristic determination, getting dull, helpless to unbounded duplication, the stuff of regular daily existence. The shading plan contains just the nonpartisan hues, dark, dim, white and various shades of green. Citrohan House, 1925-7 in Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart The Citrohan house is an unadulterated crystal, the utilization of cement permits enormous continuous inside space; it comprises of a white box bolstered by segments with a level rooftop and the utilization of reliable rectangular windows which stretch out to the corner sections and take after a mechanical kind. It was in connection with this structure in which Le Corbusier distributed his Five focuses for a New Architecture. The Citrohans area and principle course of action was propelled by a cafã © In Paris where le Corbusier ate ordinary. Improvement of the light source; single sound at each end; two horizontal bearing dividers; a level rooftop more than; an authentic box which could be utilized as a house. Le Corbusier accepted that the house ought to be as normalized as a vehicle; subsequently the name Citrohan originated from the name of the renowned car organization, Citroen. Mass creation was significant and the reality the Citrohan pictured a method of an actual existence clear from all the pointless mess of the standard average dwelling at that point. Utilizing the Maison Citrohan as his model, he was resolved on utilizing large scale manufacturing forms so as to comprehend the lodging emergency of the post-war years, like the manner by which Ford vehicles where prepared. In 1924 industrialist, Henri Fruges, consented to complete Le Corbusiers thought of mass delivered lodging for his laborers in Pessac utilizing the Citrohan as its bases. This included 130 fortified casing houses alongside one normal sort known as the high rise unit which was a blend of the Maison Citrohan and the consecutive units he had intended for the city of Audincourt. The Citrohan house at the Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung was the toward the end in the arrangement of Citrohan-type houses in which he built up the genuine adaptation. In Vers une engineering Le Corbusier portrayed this house as a machine for living in, by which he implied a house whose capacities had been inspected from ground floor up and stripped to the fundamentals. Both the house and vehicle are viewed as articles types because of the reality the two of them have huge capacities, similar to the hardware of a vehicle which is encased inside the outside layer he accepted the capacity of the house ought to likewise be imperceptible, shrouded in a perfect layer. Maison La Roche/Jeanneret, 1923, in Paris The Maison La Roche/Jeanneret which was planned in 1923 for Raoul La Roche, a gatherer of works of art, and Le corbusierss sibling Albert and spouse Lotti Raaf. The house shows numerous impacts of the idealist development, from the installations of the house to its structure. The utilization of covering surfaces and the straightforward zones of coating are like the qualities of perfectionist works of art which incorporate the covering of planes. The apparatuses utilized inside the home likewise identify with the topic of Purism which incorporate, radiators, exposed lights, straightforward Thonet seats, entryway hooks, metal windows-are clearly of modern extraction. These are objects-types comparably to the articles spoke to in the perfectionist works of art like the jugs and machine parts, these are objects that tend towards a kind which is controlled by the development of structures between the perfect of most extreme utility, and the necessities of financial aspects produce. Le Corbusier accepted the entire present day city ought to be raised up a level so as to keep the ground clear, giving a superior course of vehicles. This thought was anticipated in the studio wing, for which a solitary barrel shaped pilotis remains at the inside underneath, along the pivot of the long access street. The studio wing was an exhibition of urbanistic precept. Ville Contemporaine, 1922 Contemporary City which was a city of high rises in a recreation center for 3,000,000 occupants, was propelled by the Utopian vision where methods of present day development, vehicles and planes were united in a n requested outline, with nature and the machine accommodated and orchestrated. Lesprit nouveau Pavilion, 1925, in Paris The Pavillon de lEsprit Nouveau worked in 1925 was a structure looking like a loft from the perfect city which included outfitting of the advanced machine age objects nearby perfectionist show-stoppers. Maison Cook, 1926-7, in The explanation of Le Corbusier formal hypothesis is additionally mostly connected to his every day experience of painting. This can be apparent in Maison Cook of 1926-7 in which the exact control of volume, surface and profile might be detected. Maison cook comprise of a square arrangement and faã §ade, consequently its practically cubic structure. The single round and hollow piloti on the focal pivot and the utilization of persistent strip windows from one side to different helps accentuation the evenness of its general shape. Le Corbusiers utilizes a solid casing so as to accomplish spaces of differs characteristics including lighting, size and perspectives. The bended parcels perform the free arrangement, get the light, and stand like articles in the clear space; unavoidably they bring to mind the containers and guitars of Purist pictures. The five focuses are obviously accentuated in the Maison cook, with the piloti as a main issue set back from the faã §ade level sensationalizing the detachment of structure from outside cladding. The utilization of the piloti gives a section underneath the house for both walker and vehicles. Utilization of the persistent windows causes to notice the free faã §ade and furthermore contains a rooftop garden on top which replaces the green zone utilized by the structure. The Villa Stein (1926-1928) in Garches The Villa Stein is a great case of the cutting edge development, for example, the extreme treatment of inside space gave by a standard matrix of pilotis alongside its free arrangement, besides with its utilization of present day building strategies and utilization of modern materials. The site for the manor was of a long and restricted stretch of land, permitting the opportunity for a detached structure volume with space for a nursery front and back. This empowers the opportunity to compose a structural excursion beginning from the passageway through to the nursery, thus addresses old subjects of estate configuration to do with the progress from urban to rustic experience. From the outset sight the estate gives off an impression of being a formal rectangular square comprising of flat portions of white divider and dainty segments of coating, In contrast with Maison Cook its somewhat striking. Essentially to Villa Savoye it commends the appearance via vehicle in a practically formal manner. The most reduced level incorporates an assortment of openings including a carport, little access to the servan

Sublayers of the Data Link Layer Essay Example for Free

Sublayers of the Data Link Layer Essay

Coca Cola Stakeholder Report

Coca Cola Stakeholder Report Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffer states in their book that A strategic the association presence and it covers four zones, initially what is the reason, for whom, how and why association exists. A statement of purpose gives system to the association in which it will work. A benefit situated association reason for existing is to fulfill necessities of market and for non-benefit arranged association it is to serve for network. For whom will be the client of association and in non benefit association the network on the loose. How covers the procedure the association will seek after in giving quality item or administration to its potential clients. The appropriate response of why of benefit arranged association would be amplification of benefit and accomplishing development by taking advantage of new lucky breaks. A non-benefit association has no worry with benefit and spotlight on offering support to network. Association culture is conviction, disposition and qualities. It gives premise to the manner in which association will play out its exercises. Qualities are significant piece of association and it sets association characteristics, its genuine and required ability and nature of work. Its gives establishment for dynamic, direction of how work will perform, what sort of individuals are required and territories required more consideration. Qualities are premise of association choice. (Goostein, Nolan, Pfeiffer 1993) Organization performs esteem filtering and partners for successful dynamic. Partner holds controls and can altogether impact association choice. Partners incorporate investors, representative, client, network, banks, providers and Government. Investors and moneylenders can impact choice of association as they have critical premium and influence. Second significant partner is clients of association and holder colossal force and intrigue. Thirdly, the representatives that require legitimate compensations and advantages against their administrations. Every one of the three partners can impact the choice of association; subsequently association ought to perform partner examination before settling on vital choice to accomplish its drawn out destinations. Commonly association goals are long haul gaols which it needs to accomplish. Typically those are amplification of abundance of investors, giving quality items and increment in piece of the overall industry. As from the instance of Coca Cola, its destinations incorporates Market pioneer in its industry Overall development Give solid and quality item So as to accomplish those goal, it has values which depends on collaboration, accuracy and uniting its representative to endeavor to accomplish its destinations. Goal of Three Stakeholders Coca cola has accomplished the goals of its three significant partners Clients, it has given quality item to its clients and set forward clients trust at top need. Coca Cola has vigorously put resources into its innovative work zone to deliver great refreshments. Workers, it has perceived its representatives as a benefit and comprehend the way that a roused representative makes progress toward the development of the organization. It has taken various measures to fulfill its workers needs and give them course to convey and communicate their emotions. Investors, they need exceptional yield on their speculation. As it is evident from the development and advancement of coca cola. It is endeavoring to expand the abundance of investor. 1.3 Strategies utilized by association and Government as partner Its association is mindful to create methodologies to meet partners objective. Each partner has distinctive arrangement of goals related with the association. The enthusiasm of investors is expansion of riches and friends development. It is appearent from the case that Coca cola has accomplished huge development throughout the years and grow its business world as it serving clients more than 200 nations and item run is 400 non aphonic refreshments. Clients need an incentive for cash. Coca cola innovative work has delivered item to satisfy the need of clients and advertising improvement has expanded throughout the years. Coca cola follow that clients trust is crucial for the accomplishment of association. Coca cola has been meeting the lawful and administrative prerequisite broadly and universally. In any business Government is constantly a significant partner as it holds noteworthy capacity to upset association plans. So its fundamental for association to set up its procedures in consistence with law and guidelines. Workers are significant partners of association; association ought to get ready systems for preparing and advancement of its human asset and give chance to exceed expectations. 2.1 Economic framework and utilization of assets The focal monetary issue is deficiency of asset, which incorporates land, work and capital. It emerges because of high human interest, shortage doesn't show up itself it is human needs and want who brought them. A portion of the assets issues are tackled by the presentation of new innovation as a substitute, where as other asset are as yet constrained (Dhillon 2007) Economic framework is worried about compelling utilization of assets. Monetary framework relies upon the accessibility of assets and its requests. The kinds of monetary framework are as follow. Order framework All assets are constrained by the administration itself. Government get ready designs for asset designation for industry and individuals. In this framework government is proprietor of assets and settle on choice for what is expected to create and approach to deliver. Free market financial framework: In this choice are made by private people and industrialist. All assets are possessed by private people. In an unadulterated free market there would be no administration inclusions. America is greatest case of it where all assets are claimed by firms. Free enterprise is the shocking conviction that the wickedest of men, will do the wickedest of things for the best great of everybody. (Keynes 2000) Blended Economic System In blended financial framework a few assets are controlled and claimed by government and a few assets are overseen by private firm. This is celebrated framework and it consolidates the attributes of the two frameworks. Transitional economies In this framework, it is changing from intended to free economy and include showcase choose the cost and boundaries of exchange are expelled. 2.2 Social government assistance and modern activities Social government assistance arrangements incorporate wellbeing, instruction, social works, training, annuity plan and lodging plans. Theaker (2004), states in his book that there are various sorts of rules created by social orders. These guidelines gives system to an association in setting up its procedures. The target behind guidelines and strategies are that association ought to be proactive. It infers that association ought to be not centered around personal circumstance and work to help its representatives, network everywhere and so forth. Moore (2002), states in his book that the administration is answerable for joblessness, representative lodging and pay levels. Government hold power and ought to get ready approach to ensure the network. Social government assistance includes equivalent conveyance of riches. In the event that riches is conveyed similarly, at that point there will be no destitution. Social government assistance has solid history in UK; the legislature has arranged various laws and approaches to secure residents of UK which incorporates the poor law 1834, the government assistance state in Britain 1948, lodging strategy, instruction approach and so forth. Modern arrangement Modern arrangement worried about development and advancement. Its destinations are Feasible development of industry Raise in work rate Proficient and compelling utilization of Human asset improvement Nation development and improvement in making it world player UK five profitability drivers are (Budget 2005) Expanding rivalry Venture advancement by limiting boundaries to section Innovative work Aptitudes and ability Speculation choice These arrangements and measures can critical effects on industry and association to accomplish development and advancement. Government endeavors to advance and ensure its industry and network by making powerful laws and arrangements. 2.3 Macroeconomics strategy and impact of worldwide economy Macroeconomics strategy measures and control yield, spending and salary. Nation national pay give premise to estimating the yield, spending and pay which assists with drawing financial and monetary arrangement. Financial approach It has hindering effect on customer purchasing choice. Monetary approach is utilized as device to control government spending, request level, yield and tax collection. An ascent in personal expense and NI will influence the pay after duty and more they work and more they will settle assessment and the other way around. An adjustment in duty will influence example of interest of client. Increment in obligation will decrease the purchasing as if there should be an occurrence of Cigarettes. Government endowments are utilized to improve the creation limit and development of industry to build business rate and government income. Fiscal Policy of UK A fiscal arrangement includes that the administration changes the base rate to change the development rate and total requests. Financial approach utilized as a measure to control expansion, loan cost and gracefully of cash. In UK the fiscal strategy is overseen by Bank of England that is answerable for controlling swelling, value solidness and to give development and business. Impact of worldwide economy Globalization and universal exchange has altered the course of industry. Prior association needs to contend broadly, presently it needs to rival worldwide player and that has generally speaking structure of industry. A definitive advantage goes to the end clients regarding low costs because of rivalry. Globalization has expanded the degree of vulnerability among residential maker. Item advancement, advertising and costs are changing quickly because of global exchange. Government has placed huge consideration in drawing financial and money related strategy to adapt to such vulnerabilities which could lead them to either

The GRE Separate the Misinformation From the Facts

How well do you know the GRE? Have you really looked into this exam and sorted out the misinformation from the facts? Here are 5 GRE myths and misconceptions you should be aware of as you prep for the GRE. Myth # 1: To pass GRE Verbal, you need to memorize every word in the English language. To be fair, there was some truth to this myth before August 2011. On the older version of the GRE, before the newly-revised GRE was released, vocabulary was tested out of context. Back then, you had to simply know a lot of really tricky vocabulary words in order to pass the Verbal section. Not so anymore! The new GRE focuses on the skill of understanding vocabulary in-context. All of the important vocabulary appears in the context of long sentences, paragraphs, or full-length passages. The skill of inferring word meanings from context is now more important than memorizing a word’s dictionary definition. Memorizing a list of common GRE vocabulary words will still help you to some degree. But the list doesn’t have to be too long, and the advanced, highly uncommon words of the pre-2011 GRE are now less likely to appear on the test. Myth #2: GRE Quant is dominated by complex, multi-step problems requiring a calculator. A lot of people assume that you should use a calculator on GRE Quant, just because you can. On most GRE Quant problems, this simply isn’t true. A surprising number of GRE math problems can be solved in just a step or two, using estimation and mental math. Even more complex problems can usually be solved with mental math and light use of scratch paper. Only a handful of unusually advanced math problems on the test will actually require a calculator. And in fact, using a calculator on simpler Quant questions can hurt you. The more often you reach for the calculator, the more chances you have to accidentally key in the wrong number, arriving at an answer that’s way off. Myth # 3: You need to be a great writer to get a top score on GRE AWA. One of the biggest complaints I hear from students is that it’s just not possible for them to write a top scoring essay. Some GRE test-takers who feel this way are worried that they simply aren’t â€Å"good† writers. Other test-takers do feel that they are good writers, but worry that only a truly genius writer could create a perfect-scoring essay within the GRE’s 30 minute time limit. The good news is that the GRE AWA isn’t asking for brilliant writing. It’s simply asking for competent writing that satisfies all of the basic AWA Essay requirements. As long as your writing is reasonably competent, and as long as you address the essay question fully, you’ll be fine. Myth # 4: It takes a really long time to prepare for the GRE. As the best-known graduate school entrance exam, the GRE has almost mythical status among grad school hopefuls. Professors and advisers start talking to students about their GRE as early as their junior or even sophomore year in college, and grad programs prominently display their GRE stats on their websites. Because of this, it’s easy to imagine that passing the GRE is a long-term, Herculean endeavor. In fact, passing the GRE takes relatively little time in the grand scheme of things. Many successful grad school applicants finish their GRE prep in 3 months or less. To get a good grip on what your study schedule should look like, check out a tried and true GRE Study Guide. Myth # 5: You need a top score in each section of the GRE to get into a good grad school. This is one of the most common myths I hear. A lot of test-takers worry that a low score in one-section of the GRE will be a deal-breaker for any grad school. Not so—grad programs will have separate score requirements for Verbal, Quant and AWA. This is why the GRE doesn’t offer a whole-test score. Your score report only shows the individual Verbal, Quant, and AWA scores, knowing schools like to pick and choose their requirements section-by-section. Grad programs can have very different requirements for each section, depending on the nature of the degree. A master’s or doctorate in mathematics or engineering, for example, will have very high Quant score requirements. But Verbal requirements for such programs will be comparatively low, and your AWA score may not even matter to the program. Similarly, a grad degree in something like philosophy or English literature will have low math standards but stringent requirements for Verbal and AWA. And of course, some grad programs simply place little or no importance on GRE scores in any section. Never assume a less-than-perfect GRE score will keep you out of grad school. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '02d66581-2fb6-4177-ba0c-8380c7d85463', {}); David Recine is a test prep expert at Magoosh. He has a Bachelor of Social Work from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and a Masters in Teaching English to Speakers of other Languages from the University of Wisconsin-River Falls. He has been teaching K-12, University, and adult education classes since 2007 and has worked with students from every continent. Related Resources: †¢ Get Your Game On: Prepping For Your Grad School Application, a free guide †¢ Making Friends with the GRE: How To Overcome Test Anxiety and Perform at Your Best †¢Ã‚  Where to Find Good GRE Practice Questions

Poverty The Dilemma Of Poverty Essay - 1968 Words

The Dilemma of Poverty in America Poverty is a persistent problem that plagues even the wealthiest nations. Plenty of experts have given their theories for what exactly causes this world-wide problem. There are short term causes of poverty that unquestionably affect poverty rates, such as heavy drought and other environmental factors, but this still does not account for the many millions of people that can barely afford to live. A countless number of citizens of the United States cannot even recognize the problem in their own back yard. As Diana George states in her essay, Changing the Face of Poverty, â€Å"More than 35 Million-one out of every seven of our fellow citizens-are officially poor.† (George 676) It’s tough to believe that a country that is known as a land of freedom and opportunity even has that many that are living in poverty. I believe that long term causes of poverty include a lack of education, overpopulation, and the lack of steady jobs and living outs ide of one’s means to survive. To overcome poverty in America, those that are impoverished need to be given the opportunity to obtain a better education with additional funding from the government, they need to be given better resources to prevent unplanned pregnancies, they need greater agencies within each state that can help individuals find a job that fits his or her trade, there needs to be less stipulations for child care assistance and individuals that live in poverty needs to live within their own means.Show MoreRelatedPoverty Dilemmas that Canadians are Facing Today1483 Words   |  6 Pagesbegun to fix the poverty situation that many Canadians deal with in a daily bases. Structural Functionalism Theory, Conflict Theory and the Feminist Perspective are going to be used in for this argument in this paper. 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The Pros And Cons Of Phones - 1237 Words

The Other Side I grab my phone from my nightstand and notice I have five missed calls from an unknown caller. I look at the voicemails and click on the unknown caller â€Å"Hello this is Ava Thomas I’m the LA’s deputy cop I’ve notice that you have a loan of $20,000 if you don’t pay it soon we will have to take you to court. Could you please contact me back as soon as possible.† When did I get a loan of $20,000? I look on my credit report to see what I’ve bought lately. There’s nothing, but where and what time someone got a loan on my credit card. â€Å"Mom I have to tell you something.† Mom walk in the kitchen and ask me â€Å"what’s the matter?† My mom asked â€Å"I got a voicemail from a deputy cop saying I have a loan of†¦show more content†¦Officer Ava looks at Jordan with shame. â€Å"You know youre in a lot of trouble for doing this and since youre eighteen and out of the system you could go to jail, Well discuss this tomorrow and see what the consequences will be.† Officer Ava steps out of the room and so does Jordan. I look at my mom and say â€Å"what just happened’’ Mom tells me that everything will be settled soon. I arrive at home and couldn’t sleep at all thinking about Jordan. Did she know that we were related? This day has been an unusual day. She looked like a mess it looked like she had dirt on her face and her hair was all frizzy and tangled. The next day I got butterflies in my stomach I was really nervous to go see her again. 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Read more: Pros Cons of Cell Phones in Schools | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_5393195_pros-cons-cell-phones-schools.html#ixzz29NbPSPub School Emergencies The increase of schoolRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Cell Phones Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesIn this day in age refusing to assimilate to at least some form of modern living is simply not an option. One invention causing controversy today that has yet to cease being alter, modified, and â€Å"improved† since its debut is the ever present cell phone. Even as I sit here typing this paper, my own shiny, rectangular piece of molded plastic and metal lies inches away from my fingertips, beckoning me to use it. Looking out the window, one of the first sights I see are people walking with one handRead MoreCell Phones : Pro Vs. Con1025 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phones: Pro vs. Con Cell phones have come a long way since April 3, 1973 when the first phone was invented. 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Concept Analysis free essay sample

Concept analysis is a form of research that allows a person to explore a theory/ concept to the fullest degree in an organized way. This concept analysis will take Walker amp; Avant’s steps to form a better understanding into pain. The steps include: selection on concept (pain), Aims or purposes, literature on the pain, concept uses, determine defining attributes, model cases, alternative cases, identify antecedents and consequences, and empirical referents. Aims or Purposes of Pain Analysis Patient occurs in every person in some form. An understanding of what pain is and how to treat and assess it will allow the patients and nurses to achieve a better outcome. With an understanding of the concept of pain and how it affects the care nurses give then the better the patients’ outcomes. Working on a surgical unit I am faced with pain daily and learning how to assess it allows me to understand each patient’s views of pain. I can be faced with two patients with the same surgery, but the pain scale totally different. â€Å"All pain is Real and Pain is what the patient says it is† (McCaffery, 2002). The Purpose of this analysis of pain is to take the Walker amp; Avant steps to unfold what pain is. Literature On Pain First one needs to define pain. Pain is as (a) the sensation which one feels when hurt (in body or mind); (b) suffering, distress, the opposite of pleasure; (c) in specifically physical and psychical senses: bodily suffering; mental suffering, trouble, grief, sorrow: (d) trouble as taken for the accomplishment of something difficult according to the Oxford English Dictionary (2013). Pain can breakdown into four theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Specificity theory† proposed that injury activates specific pain receptors and fibres that, in turn, project pain impulses through a spinal pain pathway to a pain centre in the brain† (Melzach, 1996, p130). With the specificity theory many chronic back pain patient were diagnosis as psychologically disturbed not with pain. Out of the testing the specificity theory come the pattern theory which had multiple theories which mostly lead to the Gate control theory. One of the pattern theories looked at all ‘cutaneous qualities are produced by spatiotemporal patterns of the nerve impulses rather than by separate modality-specific transmission† (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p973). Next came the Gateway control theory. The Gateway Control theory is a stimulation of the skin evokes nerve impulses that are transmitted to three spinal cord: cells in the substantia gelatinosa, dorsal-column fibers, and central transmission cells (Melzach amp; Wall, 1965, p974). This theory explains how pain can increase to a person. If one of the three areas is triggered than the response aka pain increases. Finally we have the psychological/ behavioral theory. This theory looks at pain being a result of emotions, feelings, and mental behavioral no physical injury needed ( Turk amp; Okifuji, 2002). In this theory explains how pain can be expressed by feelings. There need not be injury, but looks at how someone thinking. Reviewing all the different literature, there is a clear point that I can make. It is that pain can be one or two: physical or psychological. The other subtopics of pain like environment, social get fix into one of the top two. I feel that pain is felt different in each patient, and their bodies have chemical to let them know. Possible use of Pain Concept There are different uses of the pain concept in the medical field. First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the â€Å"so know pain pills†, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain a lso address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is. Defining Attributes Defining attributes is to list the characteristics that are associated with a concept. According to Walker amp; Avant, concept analysis needs to consist of more than one defining attribute: however determine the attributes that are appropriate for the purpose of exploration of the concept (1995). With this principle in place, the attributes of pain are: physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. When looking at the first attribute of physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, studies show that patients with pain score three or less to function well in their recovery and have a better mood (McCaffery, 2002). In the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, can relate to postoperative patients. Turn, cough and deep breathe causes both positive and negative pain to the patient. Post-surgical patients have positive pain when they are decrease postoperative complications like PE and pneumonia by turn, cough, and deep breathing. The negative side is that the patients increase their surgical pain may adding pressure to it (Al-Jurf, 1979). Model Cases Model cases need to include all for the attribute listed in the analysis of pain. An example could be a 35 years old women admitted with a bowel obstruction followed by a laparoscopic colon resection with ostomy placement. Patients reported no history of surgeries, no bowel history, no chronic pain, and no home medications. Patient follows no special diet. When admitted to the surgical unit she was sad, scared, and in increase pain. Physically the patient presented with tears in eyes, high blood pressure of 167/99, holding abdomen, and would not look at the nurse. As the nurse, I gave pain medication and explained that I would do as much as I could to help make her comfortable. See refused to look at me. Later that day, when taking care of the ostomy she turned away and told me â€Å"Now I am ugly and everyone with look at me like I am crazy†. As the nurse I ensure her no one will know unless she wanted them to. I showed her to dress cover up the ostomy. I also told her that the ostomy was just here for three months to give her bowels a time to heal and then she will be back to take it down. This story was able to show both attributes of pain. A first, physical and psychological response to the stimulus was the pain forms the incision and ostomy (physical) and psychological to the body change she faced with. Both are a form of pain. Next, in the second attribute, an unpleasant and distressful experience from a physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual, the ostomy care was painful physically in the fact that I had to give pain medication this was negative, but on the other hand the pain allow her to learn a new way to cover her ostomy so others would not know she had it (positive). In a study by Lawrentschuk, Pritchard, Hewitt, and Campbell, they researched the pain in two groups of patients: group one surgery patients with same size dressing and group two with double dressings (2003). The patients were asked pain level 12 and 24 hour post-surgery, pain dimension, pain intensity, and post-surgical analgesia (simple oral and Morphine). The results showed that patients described pain as physical pain and emotional stress. Most patient in the end marked that the pain was hard to handle, but got better each day. This study relates the two attributes of pain by the physical pain form the surgery and the psychology pain as the emotional stress. Plus the patient agreed that the pain they had was positive and negative because it hurt in the beginning but got better. Alternate cases When looking at pain I can think of children in regard to contrary cases of pain. In Cheng, Foster, and Huany concept analysis of pain, story of a child going to the clinic of hepatitis B shot. Next the mother later brought her back for a well visit and the child would not let the mother go â€Å"held her mother tightly with her eyes closed† (Cheng, Foster, amp; Huany, 2003, p25). The moment the nurse walked into room the child cried and wanted to go home. This was not pain but fear therefore it is contrary cases of pain. In borderline cases same critical attributes of the concept are present not all of them. In different cultures and ethnicity it is hard to assess pain and the concept of pain may be borderline. In Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, Articles talk about how different ethnic groups react to pain and how the nursing team needs to assess for pain. The study looked at Jewish and Bedouin women in labor. The Bedouin women would report to staff that pain was ok, but the staff evaluate physical signs of pain like tears, holding abdomens, and balling up in bed (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor, and Katz, 1999). The Bedouin women showed some parts of the concept of pain by physical expression, but also not showing pain by saying that the pain was ok. Antecedent and Consequences When looking at the concept of pain one needs to evaluate the patient’s culture. Antecedents are the events or incidents that happen before the existing concept (Walker amp; Avant, 1995). One can take the study from Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz on the Bedouin women. In this culture the women are not to ask or request pain invention. It is part of their culture to handle what the body gives them. During labor the patient is in pain, but before they get there, there is already an understanding that pain is to be handle without medications or asking for help (Sheiner, Sheiner, Shoham-Vardi, Mazor amp; Katz, 1999). According to Walker and Avant, consequences are events or incident that happen as result of the concept (1995). This can be seen in surgical patients. Before we patient goes to surgery we ask them what they think their pain should be on the scale 0-10. Pain is a reaction to an individual’s own interpretation of the meaning. If a patient states pain is a 5, a 5 may be interpreted different for another patient. A patient may state pain will be higher or just always give the same number for pain. The request for pain medications is consequence of the concept of pain. Empirical Referents Due to pain being different in each patient the best way to evaluate it is by patient’s own verbalization. There are different pain charts and scale made to make assessing patient pain easier. The nurse needs to know which tool is best for the patient. In â€Å"Teaching your patient to use a pain rating scale†, it is important to educate on how to use the scale and what you mean by pain (McCaffery , 2002). Pain is different in each patient, therefor the scale needs to be explained that pain is what the patient says it is. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is the most preferred tool. In some patients that are unable to give a number of pain, like children, confused, and behavioral reasons, an assessment of the nonverbal cues are used. Assess for crying, restlessness, and avoiding moving (McCaffery, 2002). Conclusion During the concept analysis steps I found that pain is not clear cut way to assess by patient’s pain. There is more involved in what pain is and how patients may represent pain. As a nurse working on the floor we forget that pain is indeed what the patient says it is not what we think it is. Pain can be explained as four different theories: specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, and psychological/ behavioral theory. Each theory as it’s only view and could fix to express a patient’s pain. Pain contains many different attributes in this paper I forced on the physical and psychological responses to the stimulus, and unpleasant and distressful experiences originating from physical sensation and having both positive and negative meaning to the individual. I learned that pain can represent itself in different ways; from an incision causing pain to emotional pain from a new ostomy. Model cases will represent the concept in all it’s glory. The model case will show all of the attribute present in the case. Next, there can be cases that may not have all or none of the attributes present. In borderline cases, there is a gray line between pain concept and not. There are some attributes but not all of them. In the contrary cases, none of the attributes are present. The end product is that pain is important to assess and to take notice of in all patients. Remember that pain is what the patient says it is. References Al-Jurf, A. (1979). Turn, Cough and Deep breathe. Surgery, Gynecology amp; Obstetrics. 149(6), p 887-888. Cheng, S. , Foster, R. amp; Huang, C. (2003). Concept Analysis of Pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal, 2(3), p20-30. Retrieved from http://www. docstoc. com/docs/94932886/Concept-Analysis-of-Pain. Sheiner, E. , Sheiner, E. , Shoham-Vardi, I, Mazor, M. , amp; Katz, M. (1999). Ethnic differences influence care giver’s estimates of pain during labour. Pain. 81(3), p299-305. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0304395999000196. Lawrentschuk, N. , Pritchard, M. , Hewitt, P. , amp; Campbell, C. (2003). Dressing Size and Pain : A Prospective Trail. ANZ Journal of Surgery. 73(4), p 217-219. McCaffery, M. (2002). Teaching your patient to use a pain rating scale. Nursing, 32(8). Melzach, R. (1996). Gate control theory: on the evolution of pain concepts. Journal of the American Pain Society. 5, p 128-138. Melzach, R. amp; Wall, P. (1965). Pain mechanism: A New Theory. Science, New Series. 50(3699), p 971-979. Oxford University Press. (2013). Pain. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from http://oxforddictionaries. com/us/definition/american_english/pain? q=pain. Turk, D. amp; Okifuji, A. (2002). Psychological Factors in Chronic Pain: Evolution and Revolution. Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology. 70(3), p 678-690. Waddie, N. (1996). Pain, anxiety, and powerlessness. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 16, p 388-397. Walker, L, amp; A vant, K. (1995). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (3rd ed. ). Norwalk, Ct: Appleton amp; Lange.